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法律上の直接的な定義はないですが、一般的には、妊娠・出産した女性に対する職場での差別や嫌がらせといった意味で使われます。
行政における用語としては、後述のようにマタハラの2種類、すなわち、不利益取扱型と嫌がらせ型として類型化されています。
他方、男性労働者が育児に関連して職場で嫌がらせや不当な取扱いを受けることは、パタニティハラスメント(パタハラ)と呼ばれることがあります。
育児介護休業法では、労働者の性別にかかわらず育児休業等の権利が保障されており、同法との関係では、マタハラとパタハラの区別はありません。
マタハラは、ハラスメントの行為態様によって、不利益取扱型と嫌がらせ型(マタハラ言動型)に分類されます。
この分類は、育児介護休業法および雇用機会均等法が、①事業主自身による不利益取扱いの禁止と、②上司や同僚によるマタハラ言動の防止に関する事業主と措置義務を規定していることに対応したものです。
不利益取扱型のマタハラとは、事業主が労働者に対して、妊娠・出産そのものや産前産後休業の利用等その他の厚生労働省令で定める妊娠・出産に関連する事由(雇用機会均等法第9条第3項)、育児休業の申出・取得(育児介護休業法第10条)または育児中の短時間勤務の申出・措置(育児介護休業法第23条の2)を理由として解雇や降格、減給等の不利益取扱いをするものをいいます。この類型では、ハラスメントの主体として想定されているのは、労働者を雇用する事業主です。
禁止される不利益取扱いの行為態様に限定はなく、解雇や降格、減給のほか、賞与算定や昇格査定での評価引下げ、配置転換といった労働条件の変更だけでなく、自宅待機、雑用の押し付け、事業主による組織的な嫌がらせの指示などの事実行為まで、多様な行為態様がありえます。
嫌がらせ型のマタハラとは、上司・同僚が、妊娠・出産や厚生労働省令に定める関連事由や妊娠・出産・育児中の労働者に関する各種制度利用等を理由とした言動により、就業環境を害するものをいいます。
雇用機会均等法第11条の2及び育児介護休業法第25条により、マタハラ言動の防止措置が事業主に義務付けられ、法律上で明確化されています。
嫌がらせ型マタハラは、問題の言動が行われた理由によって、以下の2種類にさらに細かく分類されています。
(1) 制度等の利用への嫌がらせ型
労働者の出産や育児に関して労働基準法や育児介護休業法に基づく産前休業・育児休業・軽易業務転換等の各種制度や措置の利用請求をしたことや実際に利用したことに関する言動により就業環境が害されるものをいいます。
上司による解雇等の不利益な取扱いの示唆や、上司または同僚による制度等の利用を直接的に阻害するような言動や、制度等を利用したことに対する事後的な嫌がらせ言動が典型例です。
(2)状態への嫌がらせ
状態への嫌がらせ型のマタハラとは、労働者が妊娠・出産したことそのものや妊娠・出産に起因する症状(つわり、切迫流産、出産後の回復不全等)によって労働能率が低下したり、産後の就業制限がされたりした状態にあることに関する言動により就業環境が害されるものをいいます。
この類型については、雇用機会均等法のみ防止措置が義務付けられており、育児介護休業法には対応する規定がありません。
上司による解雇等の不利益取扱いの示唆などが典型例です。
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