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使用者側及び労働者側でしばしば事実関係が問題となるのが、退職(辞職と合意解約)です。解雇の場合と異なり、釈然としない経緯を経ることも多く、当事者も事実関係が良く分からないというご相談をしばしばお受けします。
退職強要の事案の中で問題となります。
目次
労働者の一方的な意思表示による労働契約を「辞職」、労働者及び使用者の合意に基づく労働契約の解消を「合意解約」といいます。
「辞職」にあたる場合、辞職の意思表示が相手方へ到達後は、撤回できず、他方、「合意解約」の場合は、相手方が承諾するまでは撤回できます。
また、「辞職」は、意思表示の2週間後に効力が発生しますが、「合意解約」では即時解約することも可能です。
いずれの意思表示であるとしても、①そもそも真意に基づく確定的な意思表示といえるのか、②意思の欠缺または意思表示の瑕疵があり無効または取り消しうるものではないかが問題となります。
期間の定めのない(無期)労働契約の場合、「各当事者は、いつでも解約の申入れをすることができる。この場合において、雇用は、解約の申入れの日から二週間を経過することによって終了する。」とされております(民法第627条第1項)。
この規定は、使用者による不当な人身拘束を防ぐ趣旨の強行法規です。そのため、これを超える予告期間(例えば、2か月前に申入れせよ等)は民法第627条第1項違反として無効となります。
他方、期間の定めのある(有期)労働契約の場合、原則として期間途中での解約はできず、「やむを得ない事由」(例えば、家族の事情で遠方に引っ越しをせざるを得なくなった、パワハラに耐えられない等)に即時解約できるにとどまります(民法第628条)。
合意解約は、使用者と労働者の合意に基づき労働契約を終了させるものですので、「解雇」には該当せず、解雇に関する法規制(解雇予告義務や解雇権濫用法理等)は適用されず、労働者の辞職に適用される2週間の予告期間も適用されません。
合意解約は、使用者側が承諾の意思表示をするまでは撤回できますが、使用者の承諾の意思表示といえるには、直属の上司が退職届を受領しただけでは足りず、最終決裁権者による受理など退職を承認する権限がある者の手続の履践により成立します。
労働者による辞職または合意解約の申込み・承諾の意思表示については、①そもそも真意に基づく確定的な意思表示といえるのか(例えば、上司の退職勧奨に対して、カナダ人労働者が「グッドアイディア」と答えたのは、退職の承認ではなく、呆れた感情を大げさに表現したものだと認定した裁判例があります。)、②意思表示にあたり心裡留保、錯誤、詐欺、強迫などがあったとして合意解約を無効または取り消すことができる場合にあたらないかが問題となります。
上記②の例としては、自主退職しなければ懲戒解雇にされると誤信してなされた退職の意思表示の場合、労働者を一室に押しとどめ懲戒解雇や刑事告訴をほのめかして退職勧奨した場合などにつき、錯誤や詐欺・強迫として無効または取り消しうるものとされます。
解雇の案件と同様に、退職強要、真意ではない退職の意思表示をしてしまったというような事案は非常に多い類型です。
会社との面談時に、退職強要をされて退職合意書にサインしてしまったというような場合や、自主退職しないと懲戒解雇になる等と言われて真意ではない退職の意思表示をしてしまったような場合、ご自身での解決は大変困難となるケースが多いです。
お早めに弁護士にご相談されることをお勧めいたします。
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